Therefore, the best way is to let the peers of the profession, assisted by a few discerning laymen, regulate it through a properly structured, representative, and impartial machinery. But control by the government or official authorities may prove destructive of this freedom. Where the norms are breached and the freedom is defiled by unprofessional conduct, a way must exist to check and control it. It ensures that the press must, therefore, scrupulously adhere to accepted norms of journalistic ethics and maintain high standards of professional conduct. If the press is to function effectively as the watchdog of public interest, it must have a secure freedom of expression, unfettered and unhindered by any authority, organised bodies, or individuals. It ensures that the Indian press is free and responsible. The Press Council of India acts as a mechanism for the press to regulate itself. Auguste and Louis Lumière moving pictures were screened in Bombay during July 1895, and radio broadcasting began in 1927. Hicky's Bengal Gazette, founded in 1780, was the first Indian newspaper. According to BBC News, "A look at Indian news channels - be it English or Hindi - shows that fairly one-sided news prevails. The English-language media of India are described as traditionally left-leaning liberal, which has been a point of friction recently due to an upsurge in popularity of Hindu nationalist politics. Freedom House, a US-based NGO stated in its 2021 report that harassment of journalists increased under Modi's administration. It stated that this was due to Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party and their followers of Hindutva having greater exertion of control of the media. It stated its reason saying "The violence against journalists, the politically partisan media and the concentration of media ownership all demonstrate that press freedom is in crisis in “the world’s largest democracy”, ruled since 2014 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the embodiment of the Hindu nationalist right." In 2022, India was ranked 150th, which declined from 133rd rank in 2016. Indian media freedom now stands below Afghanistan, Somalia and Columbia. In its 2023 downgraded India by 11 points to 161st level out of 180 countries. The French NGO Reporters Without Borders compiles and publishes an annual ranking of countries based upon the organisation's assessment of its Press Freedom Index. India has over 500 satellite channels (more than 80 are news channels) and 70,000 newspapers, the biggest newspaper market in the world with over 100 million copies sold each day. Today much of the media is controlled by large, corporations, which reap revenue from advertising, subscriptions, and sale of copyrighted material. The print media started in India as early as 1780. Indian media was active since the late 18th century. The Indian media consists of several different types of communications of mass media: television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, and Internet-based websites/portals.
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